1 00:00:00,720 --> 00:00:11,650 [Music] 2 00:00:15,620 --> 00:00:13,670 Thank You Donato and thank you all for 3 00:00:17,330 --> 00:00:15,630 being here I'm really excited to have 4 00:00:19,370 --> 00:00:17,340 the opportunity to talk to you about my 5 00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:19,380 work and the work of many of my 6 00:00:22,640 --> 00:00:21,240 colleagues and mineral evolution and the 7 00:00:28,819 --> 00:00:22,650 coevolution of the geosphere and 8 00:00:30,290 --> 00:00:28,829 biosphere and and much of the work 9 00:00:32,810 --> 00:00:30,300 you're going to be seeing here today is 10 00:00:35,780 --> 00:00:32,820 coming out of the Keck sponsored deep 11 00:00:38,060 --> 00:00:35,790 time data infrastructure project which 12 00:00:40,100 --> 00:00:38,070 has a great group of PI's including Bob 13 00:00:41,690 --> 00:00:40,110 Hazen and Peter Fox and also Paul 14 00:00:43,190 --> 00:00:41,700 Falkowski who's here today and is going 15 00:00:47,090 --> 00:00:43,200 to be giving us the keynote address 16 00:00:49,940 --> 00:00:47,100 tomorrow so one of the main aims of this 17 00:00:53,840 --> 00:00:49,950 project was to better understand the 18 00:00:57,560 --> 00:00:53,850 complex co-evolved amay data-driven 19 00:01:00,080 --> 00:00:57,570 perspective all too often 20 00:01:03,020 --> 00:01:00,090 biology and geology are treated very 21 00:01:04,999 --> 00:01:03,030 separately but as everyone here in this 22 00:01:08,390 --> 00:01:05,009 room well knows that's the wrong way to 23 00:01:10,999 --> 00:01:08,400 go about it because life evolved emerged 24 00:01:13,819 --> 00:01:11,009 and evolved in the presence of rocks and 25 00:01:17,539 --> 00:01:13,829 minerals and fluids and likewise life 26 00:01:19,730 --> 00:01:17,549 had a dramatic effect on the chemical 27 00:01:22,819 --> 00:01:19,740 landscape and therefore the geology and 28 00:01:24,770 --> 00:01:22,829 geochemistry of our planet so if you're 29 00:01:27,950 --> 00:01:24,780 more interested in this project you can 30 00:01:30,529 --> 00:01:27,960 certainly check out our website but the 31 00:01:32,989 --> 00:01:30,539 main goal of this project was to have a 32 00:01:35,179 --> 00:01:32,999 more holistic perspective of the 33 00:01:37,160 --> 00:01:35,189 evolution of our planet by integrating 34 00:01:39,739 --> 00:01:37,170 the large and growing geologic and 35 00:01:44,529 --> 00:01:39,749 biologic data resources in order to make 36 00:01:47,359 --> 00:01:44,539 discoveries that one field alone cannot 37 00:01:50,719 --> 00:01:47,369 so this project has been a particularly 38 00:01:53,510 --> 00:01:50,729 exciting for me as a mineralogist not a 39 00:01:55,910 --> 00:01:53,520 biologist as you will learn by my talk 40 00:01:58,699 --> 00:01:55,920 but it's been particularly exciting for 41 00:02:00,620 --> 00:01:58,709 me as a mineralogist because largely for 42 00:02:03,919 --> 00:02:00,630 a long time a neurology has been a very 43 00:02:06,199 --> 00:02:03,929 descriptive field we essentially go into 44 00:02:09,650 --> 00:02:06,209 the field or we synthesize minerals and 45 00:02:11,720 --> 00:02:09,660 we measure them and we describe them but 46 00:02:15,050 --> 00:02:11,730 we've largely for a while been somewhat 47 00:02:16,910 --> 00:02:15,060 removed from from geology and thinking 48 00:02:19,100 --> 00:02:16,920 about evolving systems and certainly far 49 00:02:21,290 --> 00:02:19,110 removed from life so it's been really 50 00:02:21,980 --> 00:02:21,300 exciting to me to see us go into a more 51 00:02:25,010 --> 00:02:21,990 predictive 52 00:02:28,610 --> 00:02:25,020 where we can do things like predict the 53 00:02:31,310 --> 00:02:28,620 number of missing mineral species using 54 00:02:33,070 --> 00:02:31,320 these mineral ecology studies we're also 55 00:02:36,230 --> 00:02:33,080 working on projects where we can 56 00:02:39,980 --> 00:02:36,240 pinpoint the specific location on 57 00:02:42,530 --> 00:02:39,990 Earth's surface of minerals and likewise 58 00:02:45,830 --> 00:02:42,540 of of knowing what minerals we expect to 59 00:02:47,180 --> 00:02:45,840 find at any specific location something 60 00:02:48,800 --> 00:02:47,190 that's going to be perhaps of more 61 00:02:51,370 --> 00:02:48,810 interest to everyone in this room is 62 00:02:54,050 --> 00:02:51,380 that we're also exploring the idea of 63 00:02:56,810 --> 00:02:54,060 earths mineral diversity and 64 00:02:58,310 --> 00:02:56,820 distribution as a planetary scale bio 65 00:03:00,740 --> 00:02:58,320 signature and I'm going to talk about 66 00:03:03,620 --> 00:03:00,750 that some more so we're not only making 67 00:03:05,270 --> 00:03:03,630 advances in mineralogy although I'm 68 00:03:07,430 --> 00:03:05,280 skewed towards that but we're also 69 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:07,440 making advances and things like 70 00:03:14,660 --> 00:03:09,210 tectonics and the supercontinent cycles 71 00:03:17,300 --> 00:03:14,670 in paleo biology and in petrology so 72 00:03:19,010 --> 00:03:17,310 Eric asked us to think about some big 73 00:03:21,590 --> 00:03:19,020 questions that that we can address 74 00:03:25,400 --> 00:03:21,600 regarding this bridge between Earth and 75 00:03:27,950 --> 00:03:25,410 life so specifically the things I 76 00:03:29,750 --> 00:03:27,960 thought about where what do Earth's 77 00:03:30,980 --> 00:03:29,760 earliest environments look like that's 78 00:03:33,710 --> 00:03:30,990 something that we've been talking about 79 00:03:37,330 --> 00:03:33,720 a lot right then how do we actually 80 00:03:40,730 --> 00:03:37,340 tease out that information 81 00:03:45,530 --> 00:03:40,740 next do network topologies of minerals 82 00:03:48,170 --> 00:03:45,540 fossils proteins etc embed timelines now 83 00:03:51,320 --> 00:03:48,180 many of you geologists chemists 84 00:03:52,640 --> 00:03:51,330 your your a little bit more up on I'm 85 00:03:54,590 --> 00:03:52,650 sorry biologists in chemistry a little 86 00:03:57,020 --> 00:03:54,600 bit more up on using these kind of 87 00:03:59,150 --> 00:03:57,030 advanced analytical techniques geology 88 00:04:01,490 --> 00:03:59,160 is slowly trying to catch up with you so 89 00:04:04,010 --> 00:04:01,500 we're learning a lot now about embedded 90 00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:04,020 intrinsic time lines and and other 91 00:04:08,770 --> 00:04:06,810 features like chemistry and extinction 92 00:04:13,280 --> 00:04:08,780 events that we can get out of these 93 00:04:14,570 --> 00:04:13,290 analytical techniques next as I 94 00:04:16,400 --> 00:04:14,580 mentioned before is the mineral 95 00:04:18,470 --> 00:04:16,410 distribution that we're seeing on 96 00:04:20,180 --> 00:04:18,480 Earth's surface a planetary bio 97 00:04:24,640 --> 00:04:20,190 signature and can we use that in 98 00:04:27,440 --> 00:04:24,650 planetary evaluation and exploration and 99 00:04:29,960 --> 00:04:27,450 lastly and I really hope that this is 100 00:04:31,670 --> 00:04:29,970 true can geologic data reveal 101 00:04:36,010 --> 00:04:31,680 information about the emergence and 102 00:04:41,890 --> 00:04:38,620 so in my talk I'm going to stick to 103 00:04:42,850 --> 00:04:41,900 three topics the first is data resources 104 00:04:47,410 --> 00:04:42,860 I'm just going to go over that really 105 00:04:48,910 --> 00:04:47,420 quickly mineral evolution and mineral 106 00:04:52,090 --> 00:04:48,920 Network embedded features that we've 107 00:04:53,680 --> 00:04:52,100 been observing so first data resources 108 00:04:55,140 --> 00:04:53,690 just just to show you a few to give you 109 00:04:58,630 --> 00:04:55,150 some context of what we're working with 110 00:05:00,130 --> 00:04:58,640 the first is the rough project so this 111 00:05:02,680 --> 00:05:00,140 is one of the largest mineral databases 112 00:05:04,810 --> 00:05:02,690 and libraries in the world it's founded 113 00:05:07,690 --> 00:05:04,820 by my PhD advisor Bob Jones at the 114 00:05:09,820 --> 00:05:07,700 University of Arizona and it provides a 115 00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:09,830 set of very high quality 116 00:05:14,470 --> 00:05:12,770 spectral chemical and x-ray diffraction 117 00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:14,480 data in addition to some pictures and 118 00:05:20,530 --> 00:05:17,810 some references currently we have around 119 00:05:23,590 --> 00:05:20,540 3,500 distinct mineral species that we 120 00:05:28,090 --> 00:05:23,600 have characterized just for reference 121 00:05:29,980 --> 00:05:28,100 there are around 5300 so we've done over 122 00:05:33,430 --> 00:05:29,990 half and that number is continuing to 123 00:05:35,470 --> 00:05:33,440 grow right now we have over 10,000 124 00:05:37,990 --> 00:05:35,480 mineral species in the database in 125 00:05:39,640 --> 00:05:38,000 library and one of the great benefits of 126 00:05:40,900 --> 00:05:39,650 this is when you're looking at this 127 00:05:42,190 --> 00:05:40,910 chemical information and you're 128 00:05:45,130 --> 00:05:42,200 comparing it to the x-ray diffraction 129 00:05:46,780 --> 00:05:45,140 information you know that those those 130 00:05:49,330 --> 00:05:46,790 two pieces of information were gathered 131 00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:49,340 on the same sample as you know minerals 132 00:05:53,470 --> 00:05:51,770 show a lot of variation from from sample 133 00:05:55,780 --> 00:05:53,480 to sample aspect and it's certainly from 134 00:05:57,220 --> 00:05:55,790 location to location so it was important 135 00:05:59,080 --> 00:05:57,230 to us to make sure that we were 136 00:06:01,470 --> 00:05:59,090 collecting all of this information on 137 00:06:05,260 --> 00:06:01,480 the same sample so it's all consistent 138 00:06:07,900 --> 00:06:05,270 as a part of the rough project we have 139 00:06:09,390 --> 00:06:07,910 the list of officially approved minerals 140 00:06:13,030 --> 00:06:09,400 from the International mineralogical 141 00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:13,040 Association and on this website you can 142 00:06:18,370 --> 00:06:16,250 you can search for specific phases if 143 00:06:19,720 --> 00:06:18,380 you'd like like I said there are around 144 00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:19,730 five thousand three hundred of those 145 00:06:23,290 --> 00:06:21,170 today of course that number is 146 00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:23,300 continuing to grow as we find more and 147 00:06:28,060 --> 00:06:26,570 more minerals you can also use the 148 00:06:29,260 --> 00:06:28,070 searchable chemical feature so if you're 149 00:06:31,030 --> 00:06:29,270 interested in finding minerals that 150 00:06:33,940 --> 00:06:31,040 specifically have a certain composition 151 00:06:37,990 --> 00:06:33,950 or don't have a specific element you can 152 00:06:40,450 --> 00:06:38,000 also search on these these tags here and 153 00:06:42,220 --> 00:06:40,460 there's a lot of information you can get 154 00:06:43,510 --> 00:06:42,230 to from there if you're interested what 155 00:06:45,820 --> 00:06:43,520 I specifically want to tell you about 156 00:06:46,870 --> 00:06:45,830 today though is the mineral evolution 157 00:06:49,670 --> 00:06:46,880 database so that's this button right 158 00:06:52,300 --> 00:06:49,680 here in this database was too 159 00:06:55,070 --> 00:06:52,310 a number of years ago by a Bob Hazen and 160 00:06:56,990 --> 00:06:55,080 what your what you see in this database 161 00:06:59,540 --> 00:06:57,000 and this is just a tiny glimpse of it it 162 00:07:01,520 --> 00:06:59,550 represents countless hours of literature 163 00:07:03,050 --> 00:07:01,530 review most of which has been done by 164 00:07:05,090 --> 00:07:03,060 Josh golden at the University of Arizona 165 00:07:08,689 --> 00:07:05,100 and a number of undergraduates that he's 166 00:07:11,390 --> 00:07:08,699 trained in this process and what we have 167 00:07:13,159 --> 00:07:11,400 here is is locality information so 168 00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:13,169 geologic localities and the minerals 169 00:07:18,260 --> 00:07:15,690 that occur there and often and the goal 170 00:07:20,779 --> 00:07:18,270 is to also have Ages associated with 171 00:07:24,439 --> 00:07:20,789 that so currently we have almost a 172 00:07:26,029 --> 00:07:24,449 million mineral locality pairs and we 173 00:07:28,790 --> 00:07:26,039 have over a hundred and twenty thousand 174 00:07:33,529 --> 00:07:28,800 mineral locality age data so that's 175 00:07:35,150 --> 00:07:33,539 quite a lot of data for for minerals the 176 00:07:38,240 --> 00:07:35,160 next website I like to mention is MnDOT 177 00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:38,250 org this is a crowd-sourced website that 178 00:07:41,659 --> 00:07:40,410 gives a geologic locations some 179 00:07:43,730 --> 00:07:41,669 interesting information about them but 180 00:07:46,219 --> 00:07:43,740 what we're really interested in is the 181 00:07:49,070 --> 00:07:46,229 fact that we can extract what minerals 182 00:07:50,540 --> 00:07:49,080 are present at that location right now 183 00:07:53,600 --> 00:07:50,550 they have around a three hundred 184 00:07:55,760 --> 00:07:53,610 thousand localities and about a million 185 00:07:58,250 --> 00:07:55,770 mineral locality pairs so we also have a 186 00:07:59,890 --> 00:07:58,260 lot of a lot of data coming from here 187 00:08:02,510 --> 00:07:59,900 now I mentioned that this was 188 00:08:04,610 --> 00:08:02,520 crowd-sourced then maybe this gives some 189 00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:04,620 of you pause it did me I was concerned 190 00:08:10,310 --> 00:08:08,250 about the accuracy of this data but as 191 00:08:12,909 --> 00:08:10,320 anyone who works with really large data 192 00:08:16,550 --> 00:08:12,919 set is from data sets are familiar 193 00:08:18,529 --> 00:08:16,560 errors tend to average out now of course 194 00:08:20,390 --> 00:08:18,539 while while we feel that we're working 195 00:08:22,070 --> 00:08:20,400 with big data for mineralogy we 196 00:08:24,499 --> 00:08:22,080 recognize that these numbers are not 197 00:08:27,170 --> 00:08:24,509 very big and compared to the statistics 198 00:08:29,469 --> 00:08:27,180 that are generally being done so it was 199 00:08:31,939 --> 00:08:29,479 really important for us to test that 200 00:08:34,909 --> 00:08:31,949 that the errors truly were being 201 00:08:36,980 --> 00:08:34,919 averaged out so I mentioned the mineral 202 00:08:40,130 --> 00:08:36,990 of missing mineral predictions we can do 203 00:08:42,709 --> 00:08:40,140 earlier so what we did was we ran that 204 00:08:44,089 --> 00:08:42,719 model on a mineral data set that was 205 00:08:46,250 --> 00:08:44,099 strictly taken from peer-reviewed 206 00:08:49,069 --> 00:08:46,260 literature so absolutely confirmed 207 00:08:52,430 --> 00:08:49,079 mineral occurrences and then we compared 208 00:08:53,900 --> 00:08:52,440 it to what we found with MnDOT and it 209 00:08:56,240 --> 00:08:53,910 turns out that they produced the same 210 00:08:59,269 --> 00:08:56,250 result even on relatively small subsets 211 00:09:01,069 --> 00:08:59,279 of the data so we're pretty confident in 212 00:09:02,020 --> 00:09:01,079 in using men debt although we're still 213 00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:02,030 certainly careful 214 00:09:08,680 --> 00:09:05,210 anything that we do the next one I like 215 00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:08,690 to mention quickly is Earth chem ran by 216 00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:11,210 a Kirsten Leonard at Lamont and this is 217 00:09:17,110 --> 00:09:13,730 a great geochemical database where you 218 00:09:20,830 --> 00:09:17,120 can get bulk chemistry trace elements 219 00:09:24,010 --> 00:09:20,840 and ages on a plethora of rocks it's 220 00:09:27,250 --> 00:09:24,020 been huge for our tectonic studies paleo 221 00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:27,260 bio DB drew Musante and Mike Meyer have 222 00:09:34,180 --> 00:09:30,290 really utilized this fossil network and 223 00:09:37,240 --> 00:09:34,190 have also contributed to it and with 224 00:09:38,920 --> 00:09:37,250 that I will get out of the resources and 225 00:09:40,510 --> 00:09:38,930 I'll talk a bit about mineral evolution 226 00:09:42,790 --> 00:09:40,520 I think a number of the people in this 227 00:09:44,110 --> 00:09:42,800 room are probably familiar with this 228 00:09:46,300 --> 00:09:44,120 idea and maybe you've heard Bob talk 229 00:09:47,800 --> 00:09:46,310 about it but I wanted to mention it 230 00:09:50,290 --> 00:09:47,810 today because I think it gives us a good 231 00:09:52,890 --> 00:09:50,300 framework for what what we're thinking 232 00:09:55,900 --> 00:09:52,900 about in this symposium 233 00:09:57,880 --> 00:09:55,910 so first mineral evolution focuses on 234 00:10:01,840 --> 00:09:57,890 changes in Earth's mineralogy 235 00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:01,850 through deep time now I know that I'll 236 00:10:05,890 --> 00:10:04,130 probably get the question about the term 237 00:10:07,570 --> 00:10:05,900 evolution so I just want to go ahead and 238 00:10:10,600 --> 00:10:07,580 say straight away I'm not referring to 239 00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:10,610 Darwinian evolution I'm using a much 240 00:10:15,370 --> 00:10:12,890 simpler definition of the word which is 241 00:10:18,880 --> 00:10:15,380 simply a system changing through time so 242 00:10:21,250 --> 00:10:18,890 that's what I mean and that change 243 00:10:22,600 --> 00:10:21,260 through time happens as a result of new 244 00:10:24,550 --> 00:10:22,610 minerals forming through a combination 245 00:10:27,220 --> 00:10:24,560 of chemical physical and biological 246 00:10:32,800 --> 00:10:27,230 processes that are different at each 247 00:10:35,020 --> 00:10:32,810 stage of planetary evolution so first in 248 00:10:36,760 --> 00:10:35,030 the earliest minerals once the 249 00:10:39,940 --> 00:10:36,770 supernovae cooled enough to start 250 00:10:43,240 --> 00:10:39,950 forming some very 9 Nano and micro scale 251 00:10:45,160 --> 00:10:43,250 grains of minerals we had about twelve 252 00:10:48,550 --> 00:10:45,170 distinct mineral species so things like 253 00:10:51,310 --> 00:10:48,560 diamond graphite moissanite just very 254 00:10:52,540 --> 00:10:51,320 few once things started to cool a little 255 00:10:55,110 --> 00:10:52,550 bit further and we're forming 256 00:11:00,400 --> 00:10:55,120 planetesimals we can get up to around 60 257 00:11:02,770 --> 00:11:00,410 minerals and then once our planet is 258 00:11:06,130 --> 00:11:02,780 finally cooled enough to form a very 259 00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:06,140 primitive crust we get up to around 500 260 00:11:11,890 --> 00:11:09,410 minerals through further igneous 261 00:11:14,620 --> 00:11:11,900 evolution and differentiation we can get 262 00:11:14,960 --> 00:11:14,630 up to a thousand and then with the onset 263 00:11:18,019 --> 00:11:14,970 of 264 00:11:21,410 --> 00:11:18,029 tectonics that helps us achieve 1500 265 00:11:23,449 --> 00:11:21,420 distinct mineral species so at this 266 00:11:26,329 --> 00:11:23,459 point we've gone up through about 2.5 267 00:11:28,850 --> 00:11:26,339 billion years of Earth history but I 268 00:11:31,730 --> 00:11:28,860 said earlier that there are 5,300 269 00:11:35,990 --> 00:11:31,740 mineral species today so what happened 270 00:11:38,449 --> 00:11:36,000 in between that 2.5 billion years and 271 00:11:41,389 --> 00:11:38,459 now to give us this more more than a 272 00:11:44,480 --> 00:11:41,399 three-fold increase in mineral diversity 273 00:11:45,460 --> 00:11:44,490 and the answer to that is his life 274 00:11:48,249 --> 00:11:45,470 happened 275 00:11:51,619 --> 00:11:48,259 oxygen 'ok photosynthesis specifically 276 00:11:54,650 --> 00:11:51,629 so as you're all familiar with here is a 277 00:11:58,160 --> 00:11:54,660 graph of the oxygen fugacity through 278 00:12:00,019 --> 00:11:58,170 time and we can see at 2.5 the great 279 00:12:03,079 --> 00:12:00,029 oxidation event we see this dramatic 280 00:12:04,670 --> 00:12:03,089 increase in atmospheric oxygen now this 281 00:12:06,949 --> 00:12:04,680 completely changed the chemical 282 00:12:10,160 --> 00:12:06,959 landscape of the surface of the earth 283 00:12:12,340 --> 00:12:10,170 and it had a profound effect on on the 284 00:12:14,420 --> 00:12:12,350 mineralogy so just to give an example 285 00:12:18,069 --> 00:12:14,430 here we're looking at copper minerals 286 00:12:20,720 --> 00:12:18,079 and the oxygen fugacity of our 287 00:12:23,299 --> 00:12:20,730 environment of our surface was right at 288 00:12:25,220 --> 00:12:23,309 this line prior to the rise of 289 00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:25,230 atmospheric oxygen and what you can see 290 00:12:28,100 --> 00:12:26,370 here is it would have been very 291 00:12:30,679 --> 00:12:28,110 difficult to have the widespread 292 00:12:34,579 --> 00:12:30,689 formation of copper 1 plus or copper 2 293 00:12:37,790 --> 00:12:34,589 plus mineral species in fact more than 294 00:12:40,610 --> 00:12:37,800 400 of the 700 known copper mineral 295 00:12:43,369 --> 00:12:40,620 species would not have formed in those 296 00:12:44,990 --> 00:12:43,379 pre goe conditions it also means that 297 00:12:49,460 --> 00:12:45,000 things like copper 2 plus would not have 298 00:12:51,799 --> 00:12:49,470 been available for life to utilize so if 299 00:12:55,970 --> 00:12:51,809 we look at the mineralogical record we 300 00:13:01,269 --> 00:12:55,980 see that that trend is confirmed here we 301 00:13:03,980 --> 00:13:01,279 have a max age on the axis on the x axis 302 00:13:07,730 --> 00:13:03,990 decreasing to the right and then on the 303 00:13:08,780 --> 00:13:07,740 y-axis we have mineral occurrences so we 304 00:13:11,210 --> 00:13:08,790 can think of this as sort of like 305 00:13:12,379 --> 00:13:11,220 abundance we don't have mineral 306 00:13:14,929 --> 00:13:12,389 abundances because this is actually very 307 00:13:18,980 --> 00:13:14,939 hard to estimate and determine although 308 00:13:20,809 --> 00:13:18,990 we are working on that basically mining 309 00:13:22,639 --> 00:13:20,819 companies know how much of their 310 00:13:25,309 --> 00:13:22,649 minerals they have but aside from things 311 00:13:27,230 --> 00:13:25,319 that are not economically important it's 312 00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:27,240 really hard to estimate no one's really 313 00:13:29,520 --> 00:13:28,090 studying that so 314 00:13:32,420 --> 00:13:29,530 right for now we're going to use the 315 00:13:35,870 --> 00:13:32,430 number of occurrences on Earth's surface 316 00:13:38,370 --> 00:13:35,880 also in the these blue bars represent 317 00:13:40,470 --> 00:13:38,380 copper 1 plus minerals and the green 318 00:13:42,750 --> 00:13:40,480 bars represent copper 2 plus minerals 319 00:13:43,980 --> 00:13:42,760 and what I'd like you to focus on there 320 00:13:46,650 --> 00:13:43,990 a number of things we can see here but 321 00:13:50,010 --> 00:13:46,660 what I'd like you to focus on is the 322 00:13:52,260 --> 00:13:50,020 relationship and the ratio between the 323 00:13:55,080 --> 00:13:52,270 green bars to the blue bars in other 324 00:13:57,000 --> 00:13:55,090 words the oxidized copper species to the 325 00:13:58,890 --> 00:13:57,010 reduced copper species so let's just 326 00:14:01,680 --> 00:13:58,900 zoom in a little bit and what I'd like 327 00:14:03,180 --> 00:14:01,690 to point out that as we see a rise in 328 00:14:05,970 --> 00:14:03,190 atmospheric oxygen we see a steady 329 00:14:07,980 --> 00:14:05,980 increase in that ratio of oxidized 330 00:14:09,750 --> 00:14:07,990 copper phases to reduced copper phases 331 00:14:12,900 --> 00:14:09,760 which is exactly what we should see 332 00:14:14,580 --> 00:14:12,910 right there are a number of other things 333 00:14:17,730 --> 00:14:14,590 you might notice here questions you 334 00:14:20,640 --> 00:14:17,740 might have for instance you know why are 335 00:14:24,090 --> 00:14:20,650 these bars so much lower and a lot of 336 00:14:26,160 --> 00:14:24,100 that has to do with erosional bias how 337 00:14:28,920 --> 00:14:26,170 to quantify erosional bias is a much 338 00:14:30,090 --> 00:14:28,930 more difficult question to answer and 339 00:14:33,060 --> 00:14:30,100 that's something that my colleague Chao 340 00:14:35,280 --> 00:14:33,070 you and Simone Runyan are working on 341 00:14:37,800 --> 00:14:35,290 trying to figure out how much of what 342 00:14:40,610 --> 00:14:37,810 we're seeing here is erosional bias and 343 00:14:43,220 --> 00:14:40,620 also you'll notice that we have Peaks 344 00:14:47,070 --> 00:14:43,230 associated with the supercontinent 345 00:14:49,170 --> 00:14:47,080 assemblies and if you this is a really 346 00:14:50,880 --> 00:14:49,180 fascinating thing to think about I'm not 347 00:14:52,380 --> 00:14:50,890 going to go into it today but my 348 00:14:53,900 --> 00:14:52,390 colleague Chelle you just had a paper 349 00:14:56,490 --> 00:14:53,910 come out in Nature communications 350 00:14:58,340 --> 00:14:56,500 looking at this thinking about pulses of 351 00:14:59,940 --> 00:14:58,350 mineralization associated with these 352 00:15:02,220 --> 00:14:59,950 supercontinent assemblies are 353 00:15:03,810 --> 00:15:02,230 specifically thinking about Rodinia 354 00:15:05,130 --> 00:15:03,820 because it turns out that the road 355 00:15:06,810 --> 00:15:05,140 Indian supercontinent behaves a little 356 00:15:09,870 --> 00:15:06,820 bit differently so if you're interested 357 00:15:11,790 --> 00:15:09,880 in that please check out his paper and 358 00:15:14,250 --> 00:15:11,800 if we look at the other first row 359 00:15:15,540 --> 00:15:14,260 transition elements we see a similar 360 00:15:18,300 --> 00:15:15,550 trend so we're looking at things like 361 00:15:20,250 --> 00:15:18,310 iron and manganese and and cobalt and 362 00:15:22,620 --> 00:15:20,260 we're seeing that these exhibit really 363 00:15:26,760 --> 00:15:22,630 similar trends to what we saw with 364 00:15:28,830 --> 00:15:26,770 copper we went as far as to generate 365 00:15:30,360 --> 00:15:28,840 these diagrams for the whole periodic 366 00:15:33,990 --> 00:15:30,370 table I don't expect you to be able to 367 00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:34,000 to see this and we found that by and 368 00:15:36,510 --> 00:15:35,410 large these trends are true of most 369 00:15:39,660 --> 00:15:36,520 elements there are some notable 370 00:15:40,650 --> 00:15:39,670 differences as you would expect and if 371 00:15:41,910 --> 00:15:40,660 anyone's interested in actually 372 00:15:44,970 --> 00:15:41,920 exploring this each one of these 373 00:15:49,610 --> 00:15:44,980 is a high-resolution PDF so I can send 374 00:15:51,780 --> 00:15:49,620 this to you just just let me know now 375 00:15:54,750 --> 00:15:51,790 obviously I care about minerals because 376 00:15:57,690 --> 00:15:54,760 I'm a mineralogist but but why should 377 00:16:00,329 --> 00:15:57,700 you care about minerals aside from them 378 00:16:03,689 --> 00:16:00,339 just being generally interesting they 379 00:16:06,240 --> 00:16:03,699 also provide ancient samples so we don't 380 00:16:08,040 --> 00:16:06,250 have direct samples of the DNA from 381 00:16:10,829 --> 00:16:08,050 earliest organisms right we don't have 382 00:16:13,230 --> 00:16:10,839 examples of we don't have direct samples 383 00:16:16,170 --> 00:16:13,240 of the aqueous chemistry from those time 384 00:16:18,210 --> 00:16:16,180 periods but what we do have are rocks 385 00:16:20,730 --> 00:16:18,220 and minerals that formed during those 386 00:16:24,090 --> 00:16:20,740 time periods and in their formation they 387 00:16:25,889 --> 00:16:24,100 tell us a lot about the conditions that 388 00:16:28,290 --> 00:16:25,899 were ongoing during that time the 389 00:16:30,840 --> 00:16:28,300 chemical temperature pressure conditions 390 00:16:32,430 --> 00:16:30,850 so we can tease out a lot of information 391 00:16:34,379 --> 00:16:32,440 about what was happening during the time 392 00:16:39,720 --> 00:16:34,389 periods of interest simply by looking at 393 00:16:41,180 --> 00:16:39,730 rocks and minerals so we we think will 394 00:16:42,870 --> 00:16:41,190 also be able to characterize a 395 00:16:44,639 --> 00:16:42,880 bioavailability of these elements 396 00:16:49,230 --> 00:16:44,649 through time for instance you know when 397 00:16:51,449 --> 00:16:49,240 copper two-plus became available and we 398 00:16:53,610 --> 00:16:51,459 hope that we can also relate this to the 399 00:16:55,290 --> 00:16:53,620 timing relate the timing of elemental 400 00:16:57,720 --> 00:16:55,300 availability to the emergence of 401 00:17:01,410 --> 00:16:57,730 biological functions I'd like to mention 402 00:17:03,870 --> 00:17:01,420 one paper here by Eli Moore and you'll 403 00:17:06,960 --> 00:17:03,880 notice some some names of people in the 404 00:17:09,329 --> 00:17:06,970 crowd here Donato and Paul a paper that 405 00:17:11,039 --> 00:17:09,339 is thinking along these lines and I 406 00:17:13,230 --> 00:17:11,049 think that some of this work could could 407 00:17:13,679 --> 00:17:13,240 contribute to to their work in the 408 00:17:14,909 --> 00:17:13,689 future 409 00:17:16,890 --> 00:17:14,919 and they're looking at the metal 410 00:17:18,329 --> 00:17:16,900 availability of microbial tablet 411 00:17:20,370 --> 00:17:18,339 metabolisms and essentially they 412 00:17:24,150 --> 00:17:20,380 reconstructed the history of this metal 413 00:17:26,760 --> 00:17:24,160 utilization by identifying links between 414 00:17:30,570 --> 00:17:26,770 redox state metal availability and 415 00:17:31,919 --> 00:17:30,580 metabolic pathways so this is something 416 00:17:35,039 --> 00:17:31,929 that we could hopefully help with in the 417 00:17:37,370 --> 00:17:35,049 future one other study I'd like to point 418 00:17:40,380 --> 00:17:37,380 out is by Jana Bromberg at Rutgers 419 00:17:43,260 --> 00:17:40,390 thinking about protein evolution so here 420 00:17:46,049 --> 00:17:43,270 she's constructed a network of the 421 00:17:48,990 --> 00:17:46,059 structural similarity of metal binding 422 00:17:50,430 --> 00:17:49,000 sites and what is interesting and 423 00:17:52,940 --> 00:17:50,440 striking here is despite the fact that 424 00:17:54,900 --> 00:17:52,950 she didn't actually include the the 425 00:17:56,730 --> 00:17:54,910 metal in the layout 426 00:17:59,790 --> 00:17:56,740 when you overlay it with the color you 427 00:18:02,640 --> 00:17:59,800 see this very distinct line from iron to 428 00:18:03,990 --> 00:18:02,650 manganese to copper and she thinks that 429 00:18:06,720 --> 00:18:04,000 this we're actually looking at a time 430 00:18:08,040 --> 00:18:06,730 line here but of course we're looking at 431 00:18:09,870 --> 00:18:08,050 a relative time line right we can say 432 00:18:13,020 --> 00:18:09,880 okay well iron came before manganese 433 00:18:14,970 --> 00:18:13,030 came before copper but I hope in better 434 00:18:16,950 --> 00:18:14,980 constraining the availability of these 435 00:18:19,260 --> 00:18:16,960 elements through geologic time that 436 00:18:22,710 --> 00:18:19,270 perhaps we could help her put some 437 00:18:25,110 --> 00:18:22,720 absolute ages on this rather than than 438 00:18:26,850 --> 00:18:25,120 just relative so we're working on that 439 00:18:31,890 --> 00:18:26,860 with her and hope that we'll be able to 440 00:18:34,050 --> 00:18:31,900 do that now the last section I'd like to 441 00:18:36,540 --> 00:18:34,060 talk about is some of our mineral 442 00:18:40,950 --> 00:18:36,550 networks and the embedded features that 443 00:18:42,870 --> 00:18:40,960 we've observed therein first we have a 444 00:18:45,060 --> 00:18:42,880 network here of copper minerals so each 445 00:18:46,830 --> 00:18:45,070 of these nodes represents a copper 446 00:18:48,210 --> 00:18:46,840 mineral species they're colored 447 00:18:50,450 --> 00:18:48,220 according to their chemistry so the 448 00:18:56,520 --> 00:18:50,460 presence or absence of sulfur and oxygen 449 00:18:58,980 --> 00:18:56,530 so the red phases are sulfides the blue 450 00:19:03,720 --> 00:18:58,990 are carbonates and oxides and the 451 00:19:05,340 --> 00:19:03,730 sulfates are in yellow the nodes are 452 00:19:07,110 --> 00:19:05,350 sized according to the number of their 453 00:19:09,990 --> 00:19:07,120 localities so again we can think of this 454 00:19:12,030 --> 00:19:10,000 kind of like abundance and the links are 455 00:19:13,650 --> 00:19:12,040 scaled inversely proportional to the 456 00:19:15,660 --> 00:19:13,660 frequency of a current so if they occur 457 00:19:17,610 --> 00:19:15,670 together often they are closer together 458 00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:17,620 if they occur together less often they 459 00:19:23,550 --> 00:19:20,170 are farther apart and so the thing that 460 00:19:26,930 --> 00:19:23,560 immediately pops out here is their high 461 00:19:29,810 --> 00:19:26,940 degree of partitioning on chemistry and 462 00:19:33,300 --> 00:19:29,820 in fact we can actually draw an oxygen 463 00:19:35,600 --> 00:19:33,310 fugacity line directly onto this network 464 00:19:38,280 --> 00:19:35,610 and and onto the data behind it and 465 00:19:40,380 --> 00:19:38,290 likewise a sulfur fugacity and we think 466 00:19:42,510 --> 00:19:40,390 there are a lot more bits of information 467 00:19:46,410 --> 00:19:42,520 that we can tease out of these networks 468 00:19:48,360 --> 00:19:46,420 mmm next here's a similar copper Network 469 00:19:50,760 --> 00:19:48,370 and here we're looking at a structural 470 00:19:53,250 --> 00:19:50,770 complexity this is work that has been a 471 00:19:56,370 --> 00:19:53,260 pioneered by Sergey cravat Jeff at the 472 00:19:59,100 --> 00:19:56,380 kola scientific institute for the 473 00:20:01,140 --> 00:19:59,110 russian academy of sciences and here he 474 00:20:03,240 --> 00:20:01,150 has come up with a method for 475 00:20:06,230 --> 00:20:03,250 quantifying the complexity of mineral 476 00:20:09,680 --> 00:20:06,240 crystal structures and reporting that in 477 00:20:11,390 --> 00:20:09,690 bits of information and this is 478 00:20:14,840 --> 00:20:11,400 particularly interesting because he 479 00:20:17,810 --> 00:20:14,850 hypothesizes that minerals began as very 480 00:20:19,370 --> 00:20:17,820 simple structures and over time became 481 00:20:21,169 --> 00:20:19,380 more and more complex so this is 482 00:20:24,220 --> 00:20:21,179 something we're working with him to try 483 00:20:27,560 --> 00:20:24,230 and think about is this is this true and 484 00:20:30,260 --> 00:20:27,570 so if we look here at this network you 485 00:20:33,740 --> 00:20:30,270 can see the very simple and the simple 486 00:20:36,380 --> 00:20:33,750 structures tend to cluster more or less 487 00:20:38,270 --> 00:20:36,390 in this area while the intermediate tend 488 00:20:40,669 --> 00:20:38,280 to cluster here so we can say more or 489 00:20:42,919 --> 00:20:40,679 less we're seeing there's a trend but 490 00:20:44,810 --> 00:20:42,929 what's interesting is that that logic 491 00:20:47,299 --> 00:20:44,820 seems to fall apart when we're talking 492 00:20:49,610 --> 00:20:47,309 about these more complex and the very 493 00:20:51,380 --> 00:20:49,620 complex phases you know things like clay 494 00:20:53,330 --> 00:20:51,390 minerals and stuff they tend to be just 495 00:20:55,040 --> 00:20:53,340 kind of interspersed throughout the 496 00:20:57,560 --> 00:20:55,050 network so I'm not sure what to make of 497 00:20:59,600 --> 00:20:57,570 that so it holds to a certain point and 498 00:21:05,630 --> 00:20:59,610 then we're losing it so this is a this 499 00:21:07,520 --> 00:21:05,640 is an ongoing study the second are the 500 00:21:10,580 --> 00:21:07,530 the last network that I would like to 501 00:21:11,510 --> 00:21:10,590 show you is that of carbon minerals and 502 00:21:13,160 --> 00:21:11,520 so here it's a slightly different 503 00:21:15,169 --> 00:21:13,170 network it's bipartite so we have two 504 00:21:19,010 --> 00:21:15,179 different types of nodes again the 505 00:21:21,140 --> 00:21:19,020 colored nodes are carbon minerals they 506 00:21:22,880 --> 00:21:21,150 are colored and sized in this case and 507 00:21:26,299 --> 00:21:22,890 according to their number of localities 508 00:21:28,580 --> 00:21:26,309 and the black nodes represent the carbon 509 00:21:30,530 --> 00:21:28,590 mineral localities on Earth's surface so 510 00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:30,540 for instance this is the Kola Peninsula 511 00:21:36,290 --> 00:21:33,330 and Russia where we have a lot of a lot 512 00:21:38,480 --> 00:21:36,300 of carbon mineral species and these 513 00:21:40,130 --> 00:21:38,490 nodes are sized according to their 514 00:21:44,570 --> 00:21:40,140 mineral diversity so if the black nodes 515 00:21:48,620 --> 00:21:44,580 larger it has more species and I bring 516 00:21:50,960 --> 00:21:48,630 this up to make two points one is that 517 00:21:52,730 --> 00:21:50,970 we can explore those planetary scale bio 518 00:21:56,120 --> 00:21:52,740 signatures that I was talking about 519 00:22:00,169 --> 00:21:56,130 earlier and on the second is to show you 520 00:22:01,970 --> 00:22:00,179 an embedded timeline so first let's look 521 00:22:04,220 --> 00:22:01,980 at the bio signatures so here we're 522 00:22:07,010 --> 00:22:04,230 seeing a graphical representation of the 523 00:22:09,380 --> 00:22:07,020 distribution and diversity of Carbon 524 00:22:10,940 --> 00:22:09,390 minerals if we if I were to show you one 525 00:22:13,130 --> 00:22:10,950 for all minerals on earth it would look 526 00:22:15,620 --> 00:22:13,140 quite similar to this and this 527 00:22:17,290 --> 00:22:15,630 distribution is conforms to a large 528 00:22:19,820 --> 00:22:17,300 number of rare events or ln re 529 00:22:24,110 --> 00:22:19,830 distribution 530 00:22:25,610 --> 00:22:24,120 by the fact that most minerals like Koza 531 00:22:27,529 --> 00:22:25,620 white which is a lanthanum carbon and 532 00:22:31,789 --> 00:22:27,539 actually found here in Japan are rare 533 00:22:35,060 --> 00:22:31,799 and only a very few of them are common 534 00:22:37,009 --> 00:22:35,070 things like calcite and aragonite and so 535 00:22:40,039 --> 00:22:37,019 in this distribution if we show it in a 536 00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:40,049 bar graph follows this trend right here 537 00:22:44,320 --> 00:22:41,610 and with this model we're actually able 538 00:22:46,970 --> 00:22:44,330 to create an accumulation curve and 539 00:22:49,310 --> 00:22:46,980 predict the number of missing carbon 540 00:22:51,669 --> 00:22:49,320 mineral species or whatever set of 541 00:22:54,649 --> 00:22:51,679 minerals are interested in in this case 542 00:22:56,750 --> 00:22:54,659 when we developed this data in January 543 00:23:00,320 --> 00:22:56,760 2015 there were four hundred and three 544 00:23:01,990 --> 00:23:00,330 known carbon species and we predicted 545 00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:02,000 that there were a hundred and forty-five 546 00:23:06,500 --> 00:23:03,210 missing 547 00:23:09,340 --> 00:23:06,510 Carbon minerals and if I can digress a 548 00:23:12,379 --> 00:23:09,350 little bit this actually spurred a 549 00:23:15,289 --> 00:23:12,389 citizen science project where called the 550 00:23:16,580 --> 00:23:15,299 carbon mineral challenge where called 551 00:23:18,799 --> 00:23:16,590 mineral collectors and scientists alike 552 00:23:21,680 --> 00:23:18,809 were encouraged to actually go and find 553 00:23:23,960 --> 00:23:21,690 these 145 missing Carbon minerals that 554 00:23:27,440 --> 00:23:23,970 project started in 2016 and as of last 555 00:23:29,870 --> 00:23:27,450 month they'd found 12 new carbon mineral 556 00:23:31,460 --> 00:23:29,880 species so that's nearly ten percent of 557 00:23:33,259 --> 00:23:31,470 what was predicted and a number of these 558 00:23:35,899 --> 00:23:33,269 species were actually directly predicted 559 00:23:38,330 --> 00:23:35,909 in the paper so it's been exciting to to 560 00:23:40,909 --> 00:23:38,340 see this actually happening and making 561 00:23:43,669 --> 00:23:40,919 predictions and they're happening so now 562 00:23:46,870 --> 00:23:43,679 if I can come back to this bio signature 563 00:23:49,490 --> 00:23:46,880 idea again we're seeing this graphical 564 00:23:52,399 --> 00:23:49,500 representation of the distribution of 565 00:23:57,680 --> 00:23:52,409 minerals and as I said before Earth has 566 00:23:59,750 --> 00:23:57,690 around 5,300 mineral species now if we 567 00:24:02,899 --> 00:23:59,760 look at other planetary bodies that we 568 00:24:05,990 --> 00:24:02,909 have a feel for their mineral diversity 569 00:24:08,330 --> 00:24:06,000 we don't find and granted that data is 570 00:24:10,549 --> 00:24:08,340 limited we don't find that they have 571 00:24:11,930 --> 00:24:10,559 quite this many in fact they usually 572 00:24:13,730 --> 00:24:11,940 have on the order of hundreds rather 573 00:24:16,250 --> 00:24:13,740 than on the order of thousands and they 574 00:24:18,710 --> 00:24:16,260 certainly don't have these extremely 575 00:24:21,049 --> 00:24:18,720 rare species you know it's more these 576 00:24:22,820 --> 00:24:21,059 things that are just quite common this 577 00:24:24,620 --> 00:24:22,830 is certainly true of Mars where we can 578 00:24:28,190 --> 00:24:24,630 look at meteorite data and we can look 579 00:24:30,919 --> 00:24:28,200 at Rover mission data and we found that 580 00:24:33,039 --> 00:24:30,929 you know it's certainly less than 500 581 00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:33,049 minerals and we don't have that 582 00:24:37,389 --> 00:24:34,850 large amount of rare mineral species 583 00:24:39,759 --> 00:24:37,399 this is also true of the moon where we 584 00:24:46,259 --> 00:24:39,769 have Apollo mission samples where we see 585 00:24:50,590 --> 00:24:46,269 around fewer than 350 mineral species so 586 00:24:52,779 --> 00:24:50,600 what we know that this distribution on 587 00:24:57,129 --> 00:24:52,789 earth happened as a result of the rise 588 00:25:00,009 --> 00:24:57,139 of atmospheric oxygen due to life now 589 00:25:02,680 --> 00:25:00,019 and we know that when we look at planets 590 00:25:06,849 --> 00:25:02,690 our bodies that presumably didn't have 591 00:25:09,849 --> 00:25:06,859 life or didn't have advanced life that 592 00:25:13,299 --> 00:25:09,859 they don't look like this so the idea is 593 00:25:16,539 --> 00:25:13,309 that perhaps this signature is a 594 00:25:18,340 --> 00:25:16,549 planetary scale bio signature we don't 595 00:25:19,419 --> 00:25:18,350 know if that's true but we tend to think 596 00:25:20,769 --> 00:25:19,429 that that is the case so that's 597 00:25:22,389 --> 00:25:20,779 something that we always have in the 598 00:25:24,129 --> 00:25:22,399 back of our mind when we're when we're 599 00:25:28,060 --> 00:25:24,139 doing these studies and hope to pursue 600 00:25:32,859 --> 00:25:28,070 that idea further so the last thing I 601 00:25:35,440 --> 00:25:32,869 would like to mention on this is that 602 00:25:38,409 --> 00:25:35,450 here we have it's the same copper is the 603 00:25:39,759 --> 00:25:38,419 same carbon bipartite Network but I've 604 00:25:40,989 --> 00:25:39,769 colored the nodes a little bit 605 00:25:43,810 --> 00:25:40,999 differently so you'll see here they're 606 00:25:47,409 --> 00:25:43,820 actually colored by age now so with red 607 00:25:50,560 --> 00:25:47,419 being the oldest moving into a blue 608 00:25:52,590 --> 00:25:50,570 being the youngest and you know you 609 00:25:54,789 --> 00:25:52,600 expect when you're looking at 610 00:25:57,330 --> 00:25:54,799 biologically evolving systems that there 611 00:26:00,190 --> 00:25:57,340 is certainly going to be a time line 612 00:26:01,720 --> 00:26:00,200 however I didn't necessarily expect when 613 00:26:03,369 --> 00:26:01,730 we were looking at mineralogical systems 614 00:26:05,619 --> 00:26:03,379 that we were going to see a time line 615 00:26:07,629 --> 00:26:05,629 however it's it's that's pretty clear 616 00:26:12,159 --> 00:26:07,639 you can see we start here in the centre 617 00:26:14,710 --> 00:26:12,169 of this locality you with the oldest red 618 00:26:17,049 --> 00:26:14,720 minerals moving up into orange and 619 00:26:19,229 --> 00:26:17,059 yellow and green finally out into blue 620 00:26:21,549 --> 00:26:19,239 on the outskirts so we have this nice 621 00:26:25,269 --> 00:26:21,559 timeline that essentially just fell out 622 00:26:30,039 --> 00:26:25,279 of this network and we weren't really 623 00:26:34,629 --> 00:26:30,049 expecting that so with that said Eric 624 00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:34,639 asked us to think about where we thought 625 00:26:44,890 --> 00:26:43,060 basically what I came up with is the 626 00:26:46,420 --> 00:26:44,900 fact that Earth's evolution has been 627 00:26:48,970 --> 00:26:46,430 in an intertwined succession of 628 00:26:52,510 --> 00:26:48,980 increasingly complex physical chemical 629 00:26:54,550 --> 00:26:52,520 and biological events so I hope that 630 00:26:56,350 --> 00:26:54,560 with this talk I've shown you that I 631 00:26:58,690 --> 00:26:56,360 think the key to understanding the 632 00:27:00,730 --> 00:26:58,700 complex history of our planet and other 633 00:27:02,710 --> 00:27:00,740 planetary bodies is the continued 634 00:27:05,380 --> 00:27:02,720 development and integration of 635 00:27:06,820 --> 00:27:05,390 cross-disciplinary data and expertise 636 00:27:10,720 --> 00:27:06,830 which is exactly what we've been doing 637 00:27:12,250 --> 00:27:10,730 with the Keck project and in fact we 638 00:27:15,850 --> 00:27:12,260 believe that so much that we've actually 639 00:27:19,690 --> 00:27:15,860 gone on to organize a another workshop 640 00:27:22,210 --> 00:27:19,700 if I may plug it now called the 4d 641 00:27:26,230 --> 00:27:22,220 workshop which is the deep time data 642 00:27:29,500 --> 00:27:26,240 driven discovery of the evolution of the 643 00:27:31,240 --> 00:27:29,510 earth and this in this workshop were 644 00:27:33,010 --> 00:27:31,250 bringing together a diverse group of 645 00:27:36,220 --> 00:27:33,020 geologists and biologists and data 646 00:27:43,030 --> 00:27:36,230 scientists from around the world to come 647 00:27:44,860 --> 00:27:43,040 in and to think about the sorry and come 648 00:27:47,320 --> 00:27:44,870 in to think about the emerging methods 649 00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:47,330 of data analysis and visualization than 650 00:27:52,420 --> 00:27:49,610 the how that can help us understand the 651 00:27:56,470 --> 00:27:52,430 past present and future of this evolving 652 00:27:58,540 --> 00:27:56,480 system so with that I would like to 653 00:28:01,710 --> 00:27:58,550 thank LC for inviting me to come and 654 00:28:04,270 --> 00:28:01,720 share my work with you today and to our 655 00:28:06,280 --> 00:28:04,280 sponsors and certainly to my 656 00:28:14,560 --> 00:28:06,290 collaborators who's a lot of work I 657 00:28:24,160 --> 00:28:17,570 questions yes I'll start with John in a 658 00:28:27,799 --> 00:28:24,170 good back thanks for that nice talk um 659 00:28:31,130 --> 00:28:27,809 wait when we see the plot of anything 660 00:28:33,680 --> 00:28:31,140 abundance with age particularly when we 661 00:28:36,260 --> 00:28:33,690 see things being more abundant in more 662 00:28:38,630 --> 00:28:36,270 recent times than in previous times 663 00:28:41,540 --> 00:28:38,640 there's two ways to interpret that data 664 00:28:44,210 --> 00:28:41,550 one is that it represents more recent 665 00:28:46,669 --> 00:28:44,220 production of those things on the other 666 00:28:49,010 --> 00:28:46,679 hand you could say well maybe this is a 667 00:28:51,020 --> 00:28:49,020 preservation artifact that it 668 00:28:55,570 --> 00:28:51,030 misrepresents that things that are older 669 00:28:57,950 --> 00:28:55,580 just didn't survive they decomposed and 670 00:29:01,160 --> 00:28:57,960 what I'd like to know is how do you 671 00:29:03,500 --> 00:29:01,170 separate these things because you know 672 00:29:06,580 --> 00:29:03,510 when you show the periodic table all 673 00:29:09,830 --> 00:29:06,590 those curves are increasing and it's I 674 00:29:11,900 --> 00:29:09,840 guess my my knoll hypothesis would be to 675 00:29:15,860 --> 00:29:11,910 interpret those purely espresso vation 676 00:29:18,110 --> 00:29:15,870 artifacts not as production so how do 677 00:29:19,970 --> 00:29:18,120 you go about doing that well I would 678 00:29:22,820 --> 00:29:19,980 love to know how to do that as well 679 00:29:24,320 --> 00:29:22,830 so we're certainly looking for 680 00:29:25,610 --> 00:29:24,330 collaborators and people who have ideas 681 00:29:27,380 --> 00:29:25,620 on that so if you're interested in 682 00:29:30,350 --> 00:29:27,390 helping us explore that we would love to 683 00:29:32,419 --> 00:29:30,360 as I mentioned my colleague Cal U and 684 00:29:34,850 --> 00:29:32,429 aunt Simone Runyan at Carnegie are 685 00:29:37,730 --> 00:29:34,860 actively working on trying to quantify 686 00:29:40,810 --> 00:29:37,740 that so in addition to having this 687 00:29:42,620 --> 00:29:40,820 erosional bias this preservation bias 688 00:29:43,549 --> 00:29:42,630 through time you know we're losing 689 00:29:51,470 --> 00:29:43,559 things 690 00:29:53,630 --> 00:29:51,480 soluble that we see you know we see this 691 00:29:55,070 --> 00:29:53,640 huge increase in them likely they 692 00:29:56,750 --> 00:29:55,080 certainly were forming back then but you 693 00:29:58,010 --> 00:29:56,760 will never see them so it's not even a 694 00:29:59,870 --> 00:29:58,020 matter of what we've lost all of that 695 00:30:01,400 --> 00:29:59,880 rock it's a matter of their their 696 00:30:01,970 --> 00:30:01,410 soluble so they're just going to 697 00:30:04,130 --> 00:30:01,980 disappear 698 00:30:05,900 --> 00:30:04,140 so it's so there are a lot of things 699 00:30:08,799 --> 00:30:05,910 that have to be considered 700 00:30:12,110 --> 00:30:08,809 certainly that general upward trend is 701 00:30:14,270 --> 00:30:12,120 largely the results of erosional bias 702 00:30:16,340 --> 00:30:14,280 and so it's important for us to think 703 00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:16,350 about how you know were these more 704 00:30:20,840 --> 00:30:18,210 oxidized phases more effective than the 705 00:30:22,690 --> 00:30:20,850 reduced phases that's that's certainly 706 00:30:25,730 --> 00:30:22,700 important when thinking about this trend 707 00:30:27,080 --> 00:30:25,740 so yeah it's a great question and I 708 00:30:29,860 --> 00:30:27,090 would love to have a better and 709 00:30:34,820 --> 00:30:29,870 than that but where we're working on it 710 00:30:38,840 --> 00:30:34,830 okay okay next my question is related to 711 00:30:42,110 --> 00:30:38,850 Jones Christians for example Ariake on 712 00:30:45,380 --> 00:30:42,120 dogs its occupies all the Archaean looks 713 00:30:49,430 --> 00:30:45,390 like green and eastern robbers it's a 714 00:30:53,150 --> 00:30:49,440 three point eight to about say four 715 00:30:57,800 --> 00:30:53,160 billion Red Cross occupy only 0.01 716 00:31:00,140 --> 00:30:57,810 percent among the total landmass so it's 717 00:31:05,090 --> 00:31:00,150 really small so that therefore next 718 00:31:08,330 --> 00:31:05,100 question is how to deconstruct the 719 00:31:11,180 --> 00:31:08,340 mineral distribution switches so one 720 00:31:15,170 --> 00:31:11,190 idea is that all of those rocks is a 721 00:31:17,140 --> 00:31:15,180 kind of accretionary complex so the 722 00:31:21,160 --> 00:31:17,150 ecclesia complex mean the fragments of 723 00:31:23,990 --> 00:31:21,170 oceanic crust and also trench turbidite 724 00:31:27,140 --> 00:31:24,000 so that therefore this is that we call 725 00:31:29,660 --> 00:31:27,150 pacific type organ it's quite different 726 00:31:34,010 --> 00:31:29,670 you know much bigger George Green it's 727 00:31:36,140 --> 00:31:34,020 like okay continental continents formed 728 00:31:39,950 --> 00:31:36,150 by subduction just granitic rocks and 729 00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:39,960 also passive much like of North America 730 00:31:46,460 --> 00:31:43,410 is of New York so completely different 731 00:31:50,630 --> 00:31:46,470 set of blocks between completely 732 00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:50,640 different kind of minerals right so that 733 00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:52,110 therefore my recommendation is you 734 00:32:00,140 --> 00:31:56,010 should first okay to make a database you 735 00:32:03,400 --> 00:32:00,150 should first to put intermediate up exam 736 00:32:07,880 --> 00:32:03,410 table type what kind of orogenic belts 737 00:32:11,300 --> 00:32:07,890 and formed by what kind of process so 738 00:32:14,080 --> 00:32:11,310 that okay this one method how to extend 739 00:32:16,820 --> 00:32:14,090 and we are very much in the Hadean docs 740 00:32:21,560 --> 00:32:16,830 Hadean Docs is completely absent only us 741 00:32:25,130 --> 00:32:21,570 now but it must be present okay if it is 742 00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:25,140 Kamat yet form that mid-oceanic ridge 743 00:32:31,430 --> 00:32:29,010 ever it's because due to high mantle 744 00:32:34,220 --> 00:32:31,440 potential temperature so therefore 745 00:32:37,310 --> 00:32:34,230 vassals at hydrolysis have done work at 746 00:32:40,910 --> 00:32:37,320 all because completely different set of 747 00:32:44,450 --> 00:32:40,920 blocks in the Hadean so the ha 748 00:32:46,850 --> 00:32:44,460 to estimate the minerals and also the 749 00:32:49,250 --> 00:32:46,860 mineral abundance and others and also 750 00:32:50,300 --> 00:32:49,260 water interactions completely different 751 00:32:57,770 --> 00:32:50,310 okay 752 00:33:00,650 --> 00:32:57,780 question WA our advice is the localized 753 00:33:03,440 --> 00:33:00,660 environment is completely different for 754 00:33:06,860 --> 00:33:03,450 example oxygen in ocean and atmosphere 755 00:33:11,660 --> 00:33:06,870 even today Mount of the volcano is 756 00:33:16,480 --> 00:33:11,670 bustles okay froze to involve the okay 757 00:33:19,300 --> 00:33:16,490 trees and then you will have native iron 758 00:33:22,280 --> 00:33:19,310 even under extremely you know oxygen 759 00:33:25,570 --> 00:33:22,290 atmosphere environments so that 760 00:33:29,170 --> 00:33:25,580 therefore you should carefully classify 761 00:33:33,410 --> 00:33:29,180 the mode of occurrence and the process 762 00:33:36,650 --> 00:33:33,420 you know if available data so that they 763 00:33:39,530 --> 00:33:36,660 have these two global or local and also 764 00:33:42,410 --> 00:33:39,540 what kind of urgent wells understand and 765 00:33:46,250 --> 00:33:42,420 the gold is hidden so how do you 766 00:33:47,930 --> 00:33:46,260 estimate this mine yeah I really 767 00:33:50,630 --> 00:33:47,940 appreciate that and and you're really 768 00:33:52,280 --> 00:33:50,640 touching on the complexity of what we're 769 00:33:54,560 --> 00:33:52,290 up against here when we're dealing with 770 00:33:57,440 --> 00:33:54,570 I'm not having often you know direct 771 00:33:58,940 --> 00:33:57,450 access to these samples and I really 772 00:34:02,270 --> 00:33:58,950 appreciate your comments that's very 773 00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:02,280 insightful thank you so my question is 774 00:34:05,840 --> 00:34:04,410 the first is a bit of a silly questions 775 00:34:09,730 --> 00:34:05,850 we've barely scratched the surface 776 00:34:12,080 --> 00:34:09,740 literally of Mars and the moon so it was 777 00:34:13,930 --> 00:34:12,090 founded bit striking the numbers are you 778 00:34:19,010 --> 00:34:13,940 safe so low such low numbers for both 779 00:34:21,380 --> 00:34:19,020 bodies so it may take a while we're 780 00:34:22,850 --> 00:34:21,390 still finding twelve minerals until last 781 00:34:24,650 --> 00:34:22,860 month on the earth so is it possible 782 00:34:28,370 --> 00:34:24,660 that we just haven't sampled enough up 783 00:34:32,200 --> 00:34:28,380 there and relatedly if those are the 784 00:34:35,480 --> 00:34:32,210 numbers then may the such mineral poor 785 00:34:39,080 --> 00:34:35,490 state of Mars barely basically prove 786 00:34:41,180 --> 00:34:39,090 that it never had life well you know so 787 00:34:43,340 --> 00:34:41,190 I actually work on the the Mars Science 788 00:34:47,780 --> 00:34:43,350 Laboratory Curiosity rover and one of 789 00:34:49,550 --> 00:34:47,790 the questions that we often get is so 790 00:34:50,570 --> 00:34:49,560 was there life on why is there life or 791 00:34:51,919 --> 00:34:50,580 you know do you know when you're not 792 00:34:54,790 --> 00:34:51,929 just you're just not telling us you know 793 00:34:57,550 --> 00:34:54,800 these sorts of things and and what 794 00:34:59,200 --> 00:34:57,560 I tend to think is this lack of mineral 795 00:35:03,000 --> 00:34:59,210 diversity that we're seeing with the 796 00:35:06,190 --> 00:35:03,010 chemin x-ray diffraction instrument 797 00:35:09,850 --> 00:35:06,200 could indicate that we didn't have 798 00:35:13,330 --> 00:35:09,860 advanced life on Mars now could we have 799 00:35:15,430 --> 00:35:13,340 had some some more basic life perhaps I 800 00:35:17,920 --> 00:35:15,440 don't know enough to to say whether or 801 00:35:28,570 --> 00:35:17,930 not that is true but I tend to think 802 00:35:29,830 --> 00:35:28,580 that right right so yeah so I I tend to 803 00:35:31,870 --> 00:35:29,840 say when people asked me if there was 804 00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:31,880 life on Mars I tend to say no which is 805 00:35:37,090 --> 00:35:34,210 kind of a bit of a bummer and perhaps 806 00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:37,100 some of my Mars colleagues might not 807 00:35:41,860 --> 00:35:38,810 like for me to say that so maybe don't 808 00:35:45,820 --> 00:35:41,870 air that part but I tend to think that 809 00:35:47,410 --> 00:35:45,830 that there wasn't but I absolutely could 810 00:35:50,110 --> 00:35:47,420 be wrong and I'm totally open to other 811 00:35:54,250 --> 00:35:50,120 hypotheses so to get at what you 812 00:35:56,740 --> 00:35:54,260 initially said yes perhaps we just 813 00:35:59,860 --> 00:35:56,750 haven't found it yet but for instance on 814 00:36:02,260 --> 00:35:59,870 on Mars it's very likely that you know 815 00:36:04,960 --> 00:36:02,270 we don't there's not much evidence for 816 00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:04,970 granite crust formation or you know 817 00:36:09,150 --> 00:36:06,410 certainly plate tectonics and things 818 00:36:11,800 --> 00:36:09,160 like that so the likelihood of 819 00:36:13,780 --> 00:36:11,810 generating quite as many mineral species 820 00:36:16,750 --> 00:36:13,790 is automatically diminished from that 821 00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:16,760 standpoint but still you know if we're 822 00:36:21,010 --> 00:36:19,010 thinking about life dramatically making 823 00:36:22,930 --> 00:36:21,020 these chemical niches I would expect to 824 00:36:25,810 --> 00:36:22,940 see a much higher number than what we 825 00:36:27,010 --> 00:36:25,820 have we only have a few Rover missions 826 00:36:29,290 --> 00:36:27,020 that have gone we only have a few 827 00:36:32,080 --> 00:36:29,300 Martian meteorites so it's an it's a big 828 00:36:33,700 --> 00:36:32,090 planet and likewise the moon is also 829 00:36:36,580 --> 00:36:33,710 really large so I think we need way more 830 00:36:39,160 --> 00:36:36,590 exploration before we can say anything 831 00:36:41,260 --> 00:36:39,170 definitive about that perhaps would be 832 00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:41,270 also interesting to know how much of the 833 00:36:44,980 --> 00:36:43,610 minerals are exposed to the surface it 834 00:36:48,580 --> 00:36:44,990 is accessible to those techniques 835 00:36:51,970 --> 00:36:48,590 compared to what in a reality is down so 836 00:36:57,760 --> 00:36:51,980 we have calleb and then and then I'll 837 00:36:59,260 --> 00:36:57,770 come back still a minute you didn't 838 00:37:02,050 --> 00:36:59,270 throw it at me 839 00:37:04,330 --> 00:37:02,060 so I think this is wonderful that and 840 00:37:05,770 --> 00:37:04,340 this may be a very difficult question to 841 00:37:07,270 --> 00:37:05,780 answer but I'd be interested to know 842 00:37:09,370 --> 00:37:07,280 your thoughts on it so one of the things 843 00:37:11,530 --> 00:37:09,380 that strikes me is that when we talk 844 00:37:15,820 --> 00:37:11,540 about bio signatures whether it's Earth 845 00:37:17,980 --> 00:37:15,830 Mars wherever we don't have a 846 00:37:19,510 --> 00:37:17,990 particularly good calibration as much as 847 00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:19,520 we don't know what a purely abiotic 848 00:37:25,270 --> 00:37:23,210 earth would be with neurologically after 849 00:37:28,120 --> 00:37:25,280 four billion years neither do we know 850 00:37:30,370 --> 00:37:28,130 what a purely abiotic Mars should look 851 00:37:32,710 --> 00:37:30,380 like I don't know what the answer to 852 00:37:34,900 --> 00:37:32,720 that is I wonder if you had any insight 853 00:37:37,300 --> 00:37:34,910 whether there's some way in mining the 854 00:37:38,859 --> 00:37:37,310 data looking at persistent ratios of 855 00:37:42,760 --> 00:37:38,869 particular minerals whether there's some 856 00:37:44,380 --> 00:37:42,770 clue to what a purely abiotic planetary 857 00:37:47,859 --> 00:37:44,390 and terrestrial type planet would look 858 00:37:49,359 --> 00:37:47,869 like after billions of years yeah I mean 859 00:37:52,240 --> 00:37:49,369 I think it depends on the pathways that 860 00:37:55,210 --> 00:37:52,250 you think that the planet went in as far 861 00:37:57,430 --> 00:37:55,220 as its chemical environment but yeah I 862 00:37:59,470 --> 00:37:57,440 mean you you know many of these minerals 863 00:38:01,720 --> 00:37:59,480 that forms that many of these five 864 00:38:04,300 --> 00:38:01,730 thousand you know this huge boom could 865 00:38:06,280 --> 00:38:04,310 have formed a biotic lees a number of 866 00:38:08,650 --> 00:38:06,290 them couldn't have so the first order 867 00:38:11,050 --> 00:38:08,660 step is to actually just remove anything 868 00:38:14,320 --> 00:38:11,060 that could not have formed without the 869 00:38:17,349 --> 00:38:14,330 direct presence of life we still have a 870 00:38:20,140 --> 00:38:17,359 huge number so that doesn't really help 871 00:38:21,790 --> 00:38:20,150 answer that question you can make some 872 00:38:24,220 --> 00:38:21,800 assumption you know you can cut it off 873 00:38:25,840 --> 00:38:24,230 at plate tectonics and say okay well but 874 00:38:27,460 --> 00:38:25,850 that doesn't really make sense right 875 00:38:28,630 --> 00:38:27,470 because the the chemistry of the planet 876 00:38:31,020 --> 00:38:28,640 is going to continue to evolve and 877 00:38:33,660 --> 00:38:31,030 you're gonna create new chemical niches 878 00:38:36,490 --> 00:38:33,670 so you're right that's a very difficult 879 00:38:39,070 --> 00:38:36,500 question and well it's one that we think 880 00:38:41,920 --> 00:38:39,080 about a lot but I don't have a good 881 00:38:44,349 --> 00:38:41,930 answer for thank you hello I phoned your 882 00:38:46,210 --> 00:38:44,359 talk absolutely fascinating um one of 883 00:38:48,849 --> 00:38:46,220 the questions I had was I found it 884 00:38:50,590 --> 00:38:48,859 interesting that there was a great rise 885 00:38:53,380 --> 00:38:50,600 in mineral oxidation at the onset of the 886 00:38:55,510 --> 00:38:53,390 Cambrian and have you guys looked into 887 00:38:58,599 --> 00:38:55,520 any historical bioturbation data for 888 00:39:01,180 --> 00:38:58,609 mineral exposure on in terms of mass 889 00:39:04,420 --> 00:39:01,190 extinction events because if there's 890 00:39:07,510 --> 00:39:04,430 boring creatures that go in go under the 891 00:39:09,010 --> 00:39:07,520 oceanic I guess crustal surface then 892 00:39:11,260 --> 00:39:09,020 does that mean that there's more mineral 893 00:39:14,589 --> 00:39:11,270 exposure creating more oxidation for 894 00:39:17,859 --> 00:39:14,599 yeah sure I mean in general you're going 895 00:39:20,650 --> 00:39:17,869 to get oxidized material within the 896 00:39:24,609 --> 00:39:20,660 first you know a few kilometers of the 897 00:39:27,370 --> 00:39:24,619 crust relatively quickly through abiotic 898 00:39:29,620 --> 00:39:27,380 processes but I certainly think that 899 00:39:30,870 --> 00:39:29,630 biotic processes could influence that I 900 00:39:33,010 --> 00:39:30,880 mean they definitely changed the 901 00:39:35,410 --> 00:39:33,020 mineralogical landscape of any 902 00:39:37,570 --> 00:39:35,420 environment then in fact I didn't show 903 00:39:40,270 --> 00:39:37,580 it today but I had my colleagues drew 904 00:39:42,160 --> 00:39:40,280 Musante and Mike Meyer that I put up 905 00:39:46,900 --> 00:39:42,170 there have done a lot of work and in 906 00:39:48,160 --> 00:39:46,910 thinking about paleo biology so if you 907 00:39:49,150 --> 00:39:48,170 want to see me afterwards I can show you 908 00:39:50,980 --> 00:39:49,160 a lot of the work that they've been 909 00:39:52,630 --> 00:39:50,990 doing we've got some cool manuscripts 910 00:39:56,770 --> 00:39:52,640 that maybe they won't mind if I share 911 00:39:58,660 --> 00:39:56,780 with you so I would like to ask about 912 00:40:02,640 --> 00:39:58,670 the connection between your talk and 913 00:40:06,010 --> 00:40:02,650 Everett Chuck's talk so you showed this 914 00:40:10,329 --> 00:40:06,020 increasing that mineral diversity how 915 00:40:12,579 --> 00:40:10,339 does that relate to the way that life is 916 00:40:14,829 --> 00:40:12,589 solving Earth's problem in terms of the 917 00:40:18,430 --> 00:40:14,839 thermodynamics so in other words how 918 00:40:22,540 --> 00:40:18,440 does that show that in a sense the life 919 00:40:24,220 --> 00:40:22,550 is helping the planet approach some more 920 00:40:26,890 --> 00:40:24,230 equilibrium state than initially if you 921 00:40:29,339 --> 00:40:26,900 have something to say about that yeah so 922 00:40:32,320 --> 00:40:29,349 essentially life is creating these 923 00:40:33,750 --> 00:40:32,330 widely varying chemical niches right all 924 00:40:36,430 --> 00:40:33,760 over the place they're making it very 925 00:40:38,620 --> 00:40:36,440 strange chemically and that's actually 926 00:40:40,390 --> 00:40:38,630 what's creating these environments for 927 00:40:42,220 --> 00:40:40,400 these different minerals to form that's 928 00:40:45,700 --> 00:40:42,230 what's creating this huge mineral 929 00:40:47,950 --> 00:40:45,710 diversity so aside from that I'm not 930 00:40:49,510 --> 00:40:47,960 sure that I can really directly relate 931 00:40:51,220 --> 00:40:49,520 it to Everett's talk although he's 932 00:40:52,900 --> 00:40:51,230 raising his hand so I think he might be 933 00:40:54,339 --> 00:40:52,910 able to do that so I would love to hear 934 00:40:56,859 --> 00:40:54,349 what whatever it has to say about that 935 00:40:59,260 --> 00:40:56,869 so I've got to Everett and then we have 936 00:41:04,510 --> 00:40:59,270 two last question and we need to move on 937 00:41:07,450 --> 00:41:04,520 I think there's a major difference and 938 00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:07,460 that your what a lot of what you see is 939 00:41:14,829 --> 00:41:11,810 driven by photosynthetic oxidation of 940 00:41:17,980 --> 00:41:14,839 the Earth's surface and that is a 941 00:41:20,859 --> 00:41:17,990 different thermodynamic state than what 942 00:41:23,130 --> 00:41:20,869 I was talking about where I was I was 943 00:41:24,910 --> 00:41:23,140 talking about what the planet provides 944 00:41:28,830 --> 00:41:24,920 chemically it hasn't 945 00:41:31,990 --> 00:41:28,840 terms of chemical energy sources it's a 946 00:41:33,790 --> 00:41:32,000 it's a different there's a serious 947 00:41:37,060 --> 00:41:33,800 thermodynamic consequence to drawing 948 00:41:40,720 --> 00:41:37,070 your box to also include the Sun or at 949 00:41:42,880 --> 00:41:40,730 least solar photons and as a result then 950 00:41:44,440 --> 00:41:42,890 what we're familiar with at the surface 951 00:41:46,180 --> 00:41:44,450 of the earth especially walking around 952 00:41:50,290 --> 00:41:46,190 the continents is a lot of 953 00:41:54,280 --> 00:41:50,300 disequilibrium generation by life but 954 00:41:58,030 --> 00:41:54,290 that's because of cheating and grabbing 955 00:42:01,150 --> 00:41:58,040 those photons and working uphill and 956 00:42:03,130 --> 00:42:01,160 producing dreadful conditions like a 20% 957 00:42:05,800 --> 00:42:03,140 oxygen atmosphere where you know that's 958 00:42:08,860 --> 00:42:05,810 a horrible place to live yeah extreme 959 00:42:10,840 --> 00:42:08,870 conditions like that so there's there is 960 00:42:13,150 --> 00:42:10,850 a there is a difference it's a but it's 961 00:42:18,790 --> 00:42:13,160 a different there's major consequences 962 00:42:20,440 --> 00:42:18,800 once photo trophy begins I'm getting 963 00:42:28,330 --> 00:42:20,450 that pull that's one question before you 964 00:42:30,580 --> 00:42:28,340 are not coming back thanks nice talk I'd 965 00:42:33,040 --> 00:42:30,590 said - I guess fundamental questions for 966 00:42:34,960 --> 00:42:33,050 how you analyze your data and one of 967 00:42:37,450 --> 00:42:34,970 them has to do with the threshold the 968 00:42:40,120 --> 00:42:37,460 heavy mineral was just simple presence 969 00:42:42,700 --> 00:42:40,130 of absence in terms of any abundance of 970 00:42:44,980 --> 00:42:42,710 the mineral and when you plot it on the 971 00:42:46,690 --> 00:42:44,990 networks and also for drawing the 972 00:42:49,780 --> 00:42:46,700 connections between two minerals 973 00:42:51,250 --> 00:42:49,790 I assume it's like colocation but like 974 00:42:54,010 --> 00:42:51,260 can you talk a little bit more in detail 975 00:42:56,020 --> 00:42:54,020 about how you made that cutoff for if 976 00:42:56,980 --> 00:42:56,030 two minerals were co-located or not yes 977 00:43:00,250 --> 00:42:56,990 absolutely 978 00:43:01,330 --> 00:43:00,260 so to answer the first question and both 979 00:43:02,500 --> 00:43:01,340 of those questions are something we 980 00:43:05,440 --> 00:43:02,510 think about a lot and their actual 981 00:43:09,220 --> 00:43:05,450 there's significant problems in handling 982 00:43:11,710 --> 00:43:09,230 our data so firstly ideally we would 983 00:43:14,050 --> 00:43:11,720 have abundant information right I would 984 00:43:15,040 --> 00:43:14,060 know exactly how much pyrite by volume 985 00:43:17,080 --> 00:43:15,050 by weight well however you want to 986 00:43:20,140 --> 00:43:17,090 measure it is on Earth's surface but we 987 00:43:21,730 --> 00:43:20,150 don't know that information we have 988 00:43:23,890 --> 00:43:21,740 somewhat of an idea for economically 989 00:43:25,300 --> 00:43:23,900 significant things but we don't for 990 00:43:29,500 --> 00:43:25,310 things that mining companies don't care 991 00:43:31,810 --> 00:43:29,510 about so for now we are basically if 992 00:43:34,540 --> 00:43:31,820 MnDOT or if a or if a piece of 993 00:43:37,960 --> 00:43:34,550 peer-reviewed literature says that this 994 00:43:38,170 --> 00:43:37,970 is a geologic locality we're calling 995 00:43:41,770 --> 00:43:38,180 that 996 00:43:46,990 --> 00:43:41,780 was one crystal there but it could be 997 00:43:49,570 --> 00:43:47,000 that there was a ton there so that is a 998 00:43:51,610 --> 00:43:49,580 big flaw and using the number of 999 00:43:53,860 --> 00:43:51,620 localities instead of abundance and 1000 00:43:56,400 --> 00:43:53,870 that's something that we we're trying to 1001 00:43:58,860 --> 00:43:56,410 get past but it's a really big hurdle 1002 00:44:01,540 --> 00:43:58,870 and oh and co-occurrence so 1003 00:44:03,430 --> 00:44:01,550 co-occurrence is if if they were cited 1004 00:44:06,100 --> 00:44:03,440 by the literature as having occurred and 1005 00:44:08,710 --> 00:44:06,110 the essentially the same geologic unit 1006 00:44:11,050 --> 00:44:08,720 geologic setting which there is some 1007 00:44:12,910 --> 00:44:11,060 variation there and that's something we 1008 00:44:15,370 --> 00:44:12,920 have to think about very carefully with 1009 00:44:17,290 --> 00:44:15,380 with each sample which is why that 1010 00:44:19,960 --> 00:44:17,300 mineral evolution database when I said 1011 00:44:21,820 --> 00:44:19,970 it represented countless hours I really 1012 00:44:25,060 --> 00:44:21,830 mean countless hours Josh golden has 1013 00:44:27,430 --> 00:44:25,070 spent oh I think it's about six years 1014 00:44:29,140 --> 00:44:27,440 now maybe a little bit more working on 1015 00:44:31,450 --> 00:44:29,150 that database and for him that means 1016 00:44:33,130 --> 00:44:31,460 painstakingly going through every piece 1017 00:44:36,370 --> 00:44:33,140 of literature that he could possibly 1018 00:44:38,800 --> 00:44:36,380 find and really understanding the 1019 00:44:41,350 --> 00:44:38,810 geology behind the statements that are 1020 00:44:45,490 --> 00:44:41,360 being made in that literature so it's 1021 00:44:47,320 --> 00:44:45,500 not a perfect system but so Shauna it's 1022 00:44:49,000 --> 00:44:47,330 not necessarily a question for you but 1023 00:44:51,850 --> 00:44:49,010 maybe you and Everett and others in the 1024 00:44:54,970 --> 00:44:51,860 room Dante can Neal and another others 1025 00:44:56,800 --> 00:44:54,980 have painstakingly tried to understand 1026 00:44:58,950 --> 00:44:56,810 whether there's been a net oxidation of 1027 00:45:02,350 --> 00:44:58,960 the crust and mantle through time and 1028 00:45:05,100 --> 00:45:02,360 using chromium vanadium others the 1029 00:45:08,800 --> 00:45:05,110 valence states of these hasn't changed 1030 00:45:13,330 --> 00:45:08,810 so there clearly is superabundant 1031 00:45:14,920 --> 00:45:13,340 amount of reductant within the mantle it 1032 00:45:17,230 --> 00:45:14,930 begs the question then do you really 1033 00:45:20,110 --> 00:45:17,240 care whether you have to go half a 1034 00:45:22,930 --> 00:45:20,120 kilometer into mars or just scratch the 1035 00:45:24,610 --> 00:45:22,940 surface because you're looking at the 1036 00:45:27,400 --> 00:45:24,620 surface manifestation of mineral 1037 00:45:31,330 --> 00:45:27,410 evolution really so it's this thin skin 1038 00:45:34,000 --> 00:45:31,340 right so that makes life a lot easier 1039 00:45:36,430 --> 00:45:34,010 for you if you can you can adjust off' I 1040 00:45:38,110 --> 00:45:36,440 that with and especially because mantle 1041 00:45:42,550 --> 00:45:38,120 convection is virtually nil on Mars 1042 00:45:44,260 --> 00:45:42,560 today so I mean I don't know if you have 1043 00:45:46,620 --> 00:45:44,270 thoughts about this but more 1044 00:45:50,050 --> 00:45:46,630 fundamentally I guess more profoundly is 1045 00:45:52,090 --> 00:45:50,060 why hasn't the mantle changed or at 1046 00:45:54,280 --> 00:45:52,100 least the upper portion of the mantle 1047 00:45:57,610 --> 00:45:54,290 we can sample changed in terms of redox 1048 00:46:00,370 --> 00:45:57,620 state through time so your fundamental 1049 00:46:01,630 --> 00:46:00,380 question I think maybe Everett wants to 1050 00:46:03,430 --> 00:46:01,640 think about that I don't want to try to 1051 00:46:05,950 --> 00:46:03,440 I don't want to try to touch that but in 1052 00:46:08,680 --> 00:46:05,960 thinking about Mars yes that's exactly 1053 00:46:11,560 --> 00:46:08,690 my line of thinking is likely when we're 1054 00:46:13,450 --> 00:46:11,570 just looking at the surface where we can 1055 00:46:15,910 --> 00:46:13,460 do pretty much a direct comparison to 1056 00:46:17,590 --> 00:46:15,920 what I'm showing here for on earth I 1057 00:46:19,900 --> 00:46:17,600 mean on earth obviously we know a lot 1058 00:46:21,640 --> 00:46:19,910 more about the the mantle minerals but 1059 00:46:24,130 --> 00:46:21,650 as you pointed out we find that that 1060 00:46:26,920 --> 00:46:24,140 extreme diversity is actually located in 1061 00:46:30,040 --> 00:46:26,930 our crust so yes absolutely 1062 00:46:31,810 --> 00:46:30,050 now why the mantle hasn't dramatically 1063 00:46:32,890 --> 00:46:31,820 changed as a result of this this is 1064 00:46:35,410 --> 00:46:32,900 something that a lot of people are 1065 00:46:37,690 --> 00:46:35,420 thinking about right and yeah I don't 1066 00:46:39,460 --> 00:46:37,700 have a good answer for that I if someone 1067 00:46:52,240 --> 00:46:39,470 does I would love to hear it ever it has 1068 00:46:55,780 --> 00:46:52,250 something to say life has had a profound 1069 00:46:58,180 --> 00:46:55,790 impact on the atmosphere and a 1070 00:47:04,870 --> 00:46:58,190 negligible impact on the oxidation state 1071 00:47:10,780 --> 00:47:04,880 of mantle Mantle's big lifes wimpy sorry 1072 00:47:13,720 --> 00:47:10,790 about that well it's not yeah get over 1073 00:47:17,170 --> 00:47:13,730 it let's not also let's be careful to 1074 00:47:30,880 --> 00:47:17,180 not equate life and photosynthesis 1075 00:47:45,820 --> 00:47:30,890 somehow in our thinking here yeah but 1076 00:48:05,030 --> 00:47:49,700 the well the mass of the mantel is 1077 00:48:07,230 --> 00:48:05,040 pretty profound well less thanks you're 1078 00:48:10,700 --> 00:48:07,240 the son I never at the gate 1079 00:48:30,440 --> 00:48:10,710 [Applause]